直流电机换向故(gu)障(zhang)的**处理讲解(jie)    

一、火花产(chan)生原(yuan)因和等(deng)级 

换向火花划分原则  保持电刷与换向器良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作状态,保持优良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)能是(shi)保证直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要条件(jian)。通常(chang)情(qing)况下(xia)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)无(wu)(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)运行(xing)(xing)（或微(wei)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)无(wu)(wu)害(hai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)下(xia)运行(xing)(xing)），换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)表面氧(yang)化膜(mo)(mo)均(jun)(jun)匀而(er)有(you)光(guang)泽，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)与(yu)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)磨损(sun)(sun)轻微(wei)等均(jun)(jun)可(ke)认为是(shi)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)性(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表征。相(xiang)反，强烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)表面氧(yang)化膜(mo)(mo)破坏或异常(chang)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)与(yu)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之间(jian)滑动接(jie)触不(bu)稳定(ding)，电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)与(yu)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)异常(chang)磨损(sun)(sun)等都是(shi)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)症状，将直接(jie)威胁(xie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)运行(xing)(xing)。 火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)与(yu)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)现(xian)象，是(shi)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)**明(ming)显标(biao)志。由于轻微(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)释放(fang)(fang)能量(liang)(liang)微(wei)弱，不(bu)会构(gou)成(cheng)对(dui)(dui)(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)运行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)，故称无(wu)(wu)害(hai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。较(jiao)强的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)其能量(liang)(liang)将会破坏电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)与(yu)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之间(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑动接(jie)触，灼伤(shang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)镜面和(he)(he)(he)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)表面氧(yang)化膜(mo)(mo)，使两者磨损(sun)(sun)增加，并造成(cheng)恶性(xing)循环(huan)，这种(zhong)(zhong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)属(shu)有(you)害(hai)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。更(geng)有(you)甚者，由于强烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)使电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)磨道上空气(qi)游离(li)，因电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)飞越而(er)导致环(huan)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)事故对(dui)(dui)(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)造成(cheng)**的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)损(sun)(sun)坏，构(gou)成(cheng)对(dui)(dui)(dui)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)运行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威胁(xie)。  不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)对(dui)(dui)(dui)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)运行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)危(wei)害(hai)不(bu)同，为了确定(ding)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)对(dui)(dui)(dui)直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)(ji)运行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响(xiang)和(he)(he)(he)危(wei)害(hai)，必须要划(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等级(ji)。  换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)(he)(he)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)片脱(tuo)离(li)接(jie)触时(shi)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)元件(jian)中释放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁磁量(liang)(liang)，以(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)放(fang)(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形式表现(xian)出来。根据对(dui)(dui)(dui)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)研究表明(ming)，它是(shi)一种(zhong)(zhong)频谱广阔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁波(bo)，其频谱主(zhu)要范围是(shi)30KHZ至(zhi)1MHZ。换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)性(xing)应根据火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)志，可(ke)以(yi)作为评价换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)标(biao)准。但(dan)由于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)测量(liang)(liang)十分(fen)(fen)复(fu)杂和(he)(he)(he)困难，因而(er)通常(chang)以(yi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)亮(liang)度、密集程(cheng)度和(he)(he)(he)大(da)小作为划(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等级(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依据。 世界各(ge)(ge)国对(dui)(dui)(dui)于火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)划(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)标(biao)准各(ge)(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)同，但(dan)是(shi)所有(you)这些标(biao)准都是(shi)根据换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亮(liang)度、密集程(cheng)度、大(da)小以(yi)及(ji)对(dui)(dui)(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和(he)(he)(he)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)损(sun)(sun)害(hai)表现(xian)，来划(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等级(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，由于至(zhi)今尚未有(you)某种(zhong)(zhong)仪(yi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)精确测定(ding)换(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等级(ji)，都是(shi)由观(guan)(guan)察者目(mu)视决定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因而(er)不(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)带有(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)观(guan)(guan)察者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某些主(zhu)观(guan)(guan)因素。